Advantages of Communication in Today’s Life

Ted Childs, IBM’s vice president of global workforce diversity, knows from years of experience that communicating successfully across cultures is no simple task, however—particularly in a company that employs more than 325,000 people and sells to customers in roughly 175 countries around the world. Language alone presents a formidable barrier to communication when you consider that IBM’s workforce speaks more than 165 languages, but language is just one of many elements that play a role in communication between cultures.Differences in age, ethnic background, gender, sexual orientation, physical ability, and economic status can all affect the communication process. Childs recognizes that these differences represent both a challenge and an oopportunity, and a key part of his job is helping IBM executives and employees work together in a way that transforms their cultural differences into a critical business strength. As he Ted Childs oversees IBM’s efforts t o build competitive advantage by capitalizing on the benefits of a diverse workforce. 64WORLD IBM’s experience (profiled in the chapter-opening Communication Close-Up) illustrates both the challenges and the opportunities for business professionals who know how to communicate with diverse audiences. Although the concept is often framed in terms of ethnic background, a broader and more useful definition of diversity â€Å"includes all the characteristics and experiences that define each of us as individuals. †2 As you’ll learn in this chapter, these characteristics and experiences can have a profound effect on the way businesspeople communicate.To a large degree, these effects on communication are the result of fundamental differences between cultures. Intercultural communication is the process of sending and receiving messages between people whose cultural background could lead them to interpret verbal and nonverbal signs differently. Every attempt to send and r eceive messages is influenced by culture, so to communicate successfully, you’ll need a basic grasp of the cultural differences you may encounter and how you should handle them.Your efforts to recognize and surmount cultural differences will open up business opportunities tthroughout the world and maximize the contribution of all the employees in a diverse workforce. The Opportunities in a Global Marketplace You will communicate with people from other cultures tthroughout your career. You might be a business manager looking for new customers or new sources of labor. Or you might be an employee looking for new work opportunities. Either way, chances are good that you’ll be looking across international borders sometime in your career.Thousands of U. S. businesses depend on exports for significant portions of their revenues. Every year, these companies export roughly $700 billion in materials and merchandise, along with billions more in personal and professional services. If you work in one of these companies, you may well be called on to visit or at least communicate with a wide vvariety of people who speak languages other than English and who live in cultures quite different from what you’re used to (see Figure 3. 1).Of the top ten export markets for U. S. products, only three (Canada, Great Britain, and Singapore) speak English as an official language, and two of those three (Canada and Singapore) have more than one official language. 3 In the global marketplace, most natural boundaries and national borders are no longer the impassable barriers they once were. Domestic markets are opening to worldwide competition as businesses of all sizes look for new growth opportunities outside their own countries.For example, automotive giant Ford markets to customers in some 130 countries, providing websites that offer local information, usually in the local language. 4 The diversity of today’s workforce brings distinct advantages to businesses : †¢ A broader range of views and ideas †¢ A better understanding of diverse, fragmented markets †¢ A broader pool of talent from which to recruit The Advantages of a Diverse Workforce Even if you never visit another country or transact business on a global scale, you will interact with colleagues from a vvariety of cultures with a wide range of characteristics and life experiences.Over the past few decades, many innovative companies have changed the way they approach diversity, from seeing it as a legal requirement to provide equal opportunities to seeing it as a strategic oopportunity to connect with customers and take advantage of the broadest possible pool of talent. 5 Smart business leaders such as IBM’s Ted CHAPTER 3 Communicating in a World of Diversity 65 FIGURE 3. 1 Languages of the World This map illustrates the incredible array of languages used around the world.Each dot represents the geographic center of the more than 6,900 languages tracked by the linguistic research firm SIL International. Even if all of your business communication takes place in English, you will interact with audiences who speak a vvariety of other native languages. Childs recognize the competitive advantages of a diverse workforce that offers a broader spectrum of viewpoints and ideas, helps companies understand and identify with diverse markets, and enables companies to benefit from a wider range of employee talents.As Renee Wingo of Virgin Mobile USA, a cell phone operator based in Warren, New Jersey, puts it, â€Å"You’re not going to create any magic as a manager unless you bring together people with diverse perspectives who aren’t miniversions of you. †6 Diversity is simply a fact of life for all companies. The United States has been a nation of immigrants from the beginning, and that trend continues today. The Western and Northern Europearns who made up the bulk of immigrants during the nation’s early years now share spa ce with people from across Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, and other parts of the world.By 2010 recent immigrants will account for half of all new U. S. workers. 7 Even the term minority, as it applies to nonwhite residents, makes less and less sense every year: In two states (California and New Mexico) and several dozen large Communication among people of diverse cultural backgrounds cities, Caucasian Americans no longer constitute a clear ma- and life experiences is not always easy, but doing it successfully jority. 8 Nor is this pattern of immigration unique to the United can create tremendous strategic advantages.States: Workers from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East are moving to Europe in search of new opportunities, while workers from India, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia contribute to the employment base of the Middle East. 9 However, you and your colleagues don’t need to be recent immigrants to constitute a diverse workforce. Differences in everything from age and gender to religion and ethnic heritage to geography and military experience enrich the workplace. Both immigration and workforce diversity create advantages—and challenges—for business communicators tthroughout the world. 6 PART 1 Understanding the Foundations of Business Communication The Challenges of Intercultural Communication A company’s cultural diversity affects how its business messages are conceived, composed, delivered, received, and interpreted. Culture influences everything about communication, including †¢ Language †¢ Nonverbal signals †¢ Word meaning †¢ Time and space issues †¢ Rules of human relationships Diversity affects how business messages are conceived, planned, sent, received, and interpreted in the workplace.Today’s increasingly diverse workforce encompasses a wide range of skills, traditions, backgrounds, experiences, outlooks, and attitudes toward work—all of which can affect employee behavior on t he job. Supervisors face the challenge of communicating with these diverse employees, motivating them, and fostering cooperation and harmony among them. Teams face the challenge of working together closely, and companies are challenged to coexist peacefully with business partners and with the community as a whole. The interaction of culture and communication is so pervasive that separating the two is virtually impossible.The way you communicate—from the language you speak and the nonverbal signals you send to the way you perceive other people—is influenced by the culture in which you were raised. The meaning of words, the significance of gestures, the importance of time and space, the rules of human relationships—these and many other aspects of communication are defined by culture. To a large degree, your culture influences the way you think, which naturally affects the way you communicate as both a sender and a receiver. 0 So you can see how intercultural commu nication is much more complicated than simply matching language between sender and receiver. It goes beyond mere words to beliefs, values, and emotions. Tthroughout this chapter, you’ll see numerous examples of how communication styles and habits vary from one culture to another. These examples are intended to illustrate the major themes of intercultural communication, not to give an exhaustive list of styles and habits of any particular culture.

How Effective Is Police Stop and Search Essay

This assessment will focus on Section 1 of The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Stop and Search powers). I will look at the use of stop and search before the Macpherson report and after the Macpherson report and compare how it has changed. The use of stop and search powers allow the police to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour, and to prevent more serious crimes occurring generally in public places like a Football match. A police officer can ask what you are doing, why you’re in an area and/or where you’re going. They also have the power to stop and search you if they have ‘reasonable grounds’ to suspect you’re carrying; illegal drugs, a weapon, stolen property or something which could be used to commit a crime, such as a dangerous weapon. You can only be stopped and searched without reasonable grounds if it has been approved by a senior police officer. This can happen if it is suspected that; serious violence could take place, you are carrying a weapon or have used one or you are in a specific location or area. However, you don’t have to answer any questions the police officer asks you. The Police officer will note down seven details these include; Ethnicity, Objective of search, Grounds for search, Identity of the officer carrying out the stop and search, Date, Time and Place. However being searched does not mean you have been arrested, unless any of these factors apply. Sir William McPherson carried out an inquiry in 1999 following an investigation of the murder of Stephen Lawrence. The 18-year-old A-Level student was fatally stabbed in an unprovoked attack as he waited for a bus in Eltham, south London, in April 1993. Nobody, at the time was convicted of his murder. However in 2006 the Metropolitan Police’s Acting Deputy Commissioner, ordered a cold case review that led to the convictions of Gary Dobson and David Norris in 2011 they were found guilty by an Old Bailey jury after a trial based on forensic evidence. Scientists found a tiny bloodstain on Dobson’s jacket that could only have come from Mr Lawrence. They also found a single hair belonging to the teenager on Norris’s jeans. Both men have had previous run-ins with the law; Dobson was jailed for five years in 2010 for drugs trafficking. He is among a small number of men to have been tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy) after the Court of Appeal quashed his 1996 acquittal for the murder. Norris was convicted in 2002 of a separate allegation of racially threatening behaviour. Allegations of incompetence and racism against Metropolitan police officers that were in charge of the case sparked the original inquiry as did two internal police inquiries which acquitted the Metropolitan itself. In relation to the stop and search there is no actual change in the stop and search powers for the police. However records of all stop and search operation have to be published, and a copy of the record can also be given to the person involved if requested therefore there can be no discriminative reason to stop someone as the police have to provide written reason to the suspect and the police force. The 1981 Brixton riots and the subsequent Scarman report were key factors in the passage of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). It provides the core framework of police powers and safeguards around stop and search, arrest, detention, investigation, identification and interviewing detainees. The aim of PACE has always been to establish a balance between the powers of the police in England and Wales and the rights of members of the public. Literature Review The immediate effect of Macpherson saw a decline in the use of stop and search. In London, stop and searches fell from 180,000 in 1999/00 to 169,000 the following year. Nationally, the number of stop and searches fell by 21% and then a further 16% from 1998 to 2000. By December 2000, representatives of rank and file officers were saying that Macpherson had damaged morale. Officers, they said, were unprepared to use stop and search out of fear of being labelled racist. So William Hague called for there to be a rise in the use of Stop and Search. This was evident in 2001 when Mr Hague linked a rise in violent street crime in some areas to a drop in stop and searches of black people because police officers feared being called racist. However, this can be argued as many black and Asian people – including Stephen Lawrence’s father, Neville, who filed a complaint after being stopped last year – said they were still being unfairly targeted. And in January figures from the Home Office showed that the fall in searches was greatest for white suspects with black people still ive times more likely to be stopped in London than white people. The Equality Act 2010 makes it prohibited for police officers to discriminate against, harass or victimise any person in relation to ‘age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation, marriage, civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity when using their po wers on the ground of ‘protected characteristics’ (Home Office 2011). This shows they have tried to control the situation of racism in the force and tried to put a stop to it. However racism within the force goes back decades as before 1984 police were allowed to stop and search whoever they wanted therefore it became easier and more of a habit to target people who fit ‘criminal persona’. This laid back approach to stop and search caused problems because police became discriminative to the public which can be shown in the Home office statistics (Police and Criminal Evidence Act, The 1984). Research shows this is still happening today even though the Equality Act 2010 was put forward this is evident in (justice 2010). Black people are 8 per cent more likely than whites to face stop and search’. In relation to the McPherson report the Committee said that since the introduction of the report the police have made â€Å"tremendous strides† in the service they provide to ethnic minority communities and in countering racism amongst its own workforce. This is evident in the fact that sixty-seven of Macpherson’s 70 recommendations have been implemented fully or in part in the ten years since his report was published. However the statistics show that there is still racism in the force therefore were McPhersons recommendations needed or could he have focused more on the problem in hand? Many people see that that racist persona of the forces comes from the idea that police officers are hard, tough, and will not tolerate unacceptable behaviour. This is called cop culture which is hard to define as it has moved from discussing about one culture to discussing different cultures such as ‘subculture’, ‘street culture’, ‘patrol culture’, ‘canteen culture’ (It can be defined as where the police share the same sense of identity which evolves around work, hard play and hard drinking), ‘headquarters culture’ and the ‘cardigan squad’ (the soft and fluffy culture). Cop culture can be seen as many different things depending on how you view the police themselves. In Britain the Scarman report in 1981 riots in Brixton was influential and raised the importance of stop and search on young black men who felt they had been unfairly targeted due to their colour. Rowe argues that while not all findings were the ‘militaristic style of policing, with poor public engagement†¦ t established recommendations relating to policing for example on training, the role of community policing, lay visitors at police stations, discipline and stop and search’. Rowe also mentions that the recommendations mentioned in the Scarman report were reiterated in the McPherson report almost 20 years later suggests that the recommendations were not effectively implemented in the Scarman report (Rowe 2007:155). However McPherson was more forthright using the term ‘institutional racism’ that Scarman shied away from, making the problem more visible to the public. This is evident when the metropolitan police mishandled the Stephen Lawrence case due to a combination of professional incompetence, institutional racism and a failure of leadership by senior officers’ (McPherson 1999). In terms of police culture, institutional racism was said to incorporate racist stereotyping of black people as potential criminals or troublemakers (McPherson 1999). Taking this into account a racist officer can be seen as an incompetent officer as it is finding a lack of understanding of cultural diversity illustrated in the existence of cultural crisis in the metropolitan police therefore they should be retrained or dismissed. Many people of been very critical of the McPherson report one main criticism is that although McPherson made 70 much needed recommendations for the force he did little to bring justice for the family of Stephen Lawrence which was the reason he originally conducted the inquiry. However 11 years after the inquiry was completed justice was in fact served for the Lawrence family but not due to McPherson’s recommendations. This shows the failings of which the Macpherson Report draws attention too, is in relation to the police investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence which is important, but the explanation as to how and why the problems occurred is somewhat limited which needed to be noted as well. This means that he noted the problem of racism but didn’t recommend to put the case back on retrial. The problems identified by McPherson are not only unique to this case or other racial murders; but rather they are related to the social, legal and organisational environments in which this sort of police work should be undertaken at all times. The stop and search has been proven to be a success for the police, the power to stop and search people who they suspect of being involved in crime is an important tactic. It provides a means to confirm or allay suspicions about individuals without exercising their power of arrest. Where the stop and search is employed appropriately and proportionately, it could increase community confidence in the police force and make a positive contribution to reducing the fear of crime. Stop and search has been very successful in relation to knife crime. For example October 2009, more than 380,000 stops and searches have been conducted; 14,700 people have been arrested; and more than 7,500 knives have been recovered. However the stop and search has seen negative attitudes in relation to law-abiding people who feel they have been unjustifiably targeted. These people are less likely to trust the police and co-operate with them when they have a problem, therefore conducting effective policing, becomes much more difficult. There are still concerns in relation to stop and search and through this the equality and human right commissioners are continuing to monitor how the police are using their stop and search powers. They want to see: a reduction in the national figures for race disproportionality in the use of stop and search powers. A reduction in the number of excess stops and searches carried out on black and Asian people. Also forces with high excesses, in particular the Metropolitan Police, taking action to ensure that the powers are being used in a non-discriminatory and lawful manner. They are also monitoring and concentrating on forces that currently have particularly high rates of disproportionality, in particular some southern rural forces, taking action to reduce their race disproportionality ratios. And finally the forces with race disproportionality collaborating and sharing good practice with their neighbours. The lack of ethnic contact outside law enforcement and in the law enforcement needs a clear transformation. The criminal justice system can in no way be prejudice, discriminative, racist or sexist. They are there to keep the public safe and the public has to trust them otherwise the system would fail, the public have to be extremely open-minded. One way to do this is to focus on race awareness training for all police officers in and joining the force. However this strategy has been used before and after the Scarman report and unfortunately made little impact over the decades since. Macpherson is aware of this but fails to adopt a more radical policy agenda directed at the structure and organisation of policing and the relationship between police and ethnic minorities in the law-enforcement situation itself therefore the race problem is still occurring. To conclude many will argue that not much is different before the McPherson report during and after. The statistics show that being of ethnic origin walking the streets you are more likely to be stopped then if you are white, this stereotype needs to be changed and then the force will be less inclined to stop people of this description with little or lack of reason. However there has been a decline in the amount of black and Asian people stopped but also a decline in the amount of officers that use stop and search on regular basis in fear that they will be labelled a racist. The police need to find a balance between being labelled and doing their job to maximise the trust from the public and minimise fear of crime. Therefore the public and force can come together to make the community the safest place possible.

Applying Standardized terminologies Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applying Standardized terminologies - Coursework Example This essay describes a scenario of bedside patient care of a man with malaria to help evaluate the essentials of standardized terminologies and the related NANDA, NIC and NOC (Nolan 2004). Johnson, Maas & Moorhead (2000) outlines that; Nanda classifies Malaria as an infectious disease with intermittent fever, instigated by the parasite Plasmodium and spread by mosquito kind Anopheles in many subtropical and tropical regions. Because of its common nature, there are a plethora of records, data and information about its diagnosis and care. Subsequently, American Nurses Association (2006a) argues that there are certain terminologies standardized to malaria, according to the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) that nurses must master. In addition, there are also Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) records and in Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) with certain standardized language (Cavendish 2001) for malaria. According to Johnson et al. (2000), NANDA identifies malaria as infectious with symptoms of high fever, chills, muscle aches, tiredness and headaches. According to NANDA, malaria infections are common in tropical and sub-tropical areas and severe with children and pregnant women but also very severe with all other individual children and adults alike (Nolan 2004). NANDA outlines that the diagnosis for malaria includes nausea due to imbalance in food intake, risk for infection due to weak immune system for attacked patients and hyperthermia related to increased dehydration and metabolism. Related Factors include threat of death; threat to self-concept; threat to or alteration in health status, environment, contact patterns; interpersonal transmission of contagion and unmet needs The suggested NOC outcome-labels to these malarial situations include anxiety, stress, nausea, impulse control and aggression control. Client outcome according to NOC includes identifies and verbalizes symptoms of distress, Identifies, communicates in verbal

A response to the reading. Please make a title for the paper Essay

A response to the reading. Please make a title for the paper - Essay Example The author then hints that his secret could be something about his wives who were all claimed by the lord to have died of some diseases. A reader might suspect that something is wrong with the deaths of the wives and the writer teases the imagination of his readers by using the latest wife to reveal what really happened to the wives before her. Similar to many tales, a test of character is represented in the story when the man lets his wife look after all his estate while he goes away for war. However, the husband does not simply leave everything under his wife’s care but gave her some instructions saying she may open all the rooms except for one. This eventually showed the lord’s secret and when he found out about what his wife did, the lord tried to kill his wife. The story ends with good prevailing over evil. The murderer was killed by the wife’s brothers who were extraordinary beings which is also a classic part of fairy tales. For modern readers, the tale ma y sound ridiculous but perhaps the emphasis of the narration is on the moral of the story rather than how the story would be presented in an interesting and more realistic manner. The story ends with the lesson the wife learned through her experience and seems to have been deliberately done so to make it stick in the minds of the

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

None - Essay Example The third factor as seen in the movie, appeal to pity takes place when an individual tries to endorse a conclusion by evoking sympathy or pity from the listener or reader (Damer 19). From the movie, twelve angry men; characteristics of critical thinking are diverse. Critical thinking process entails a deep thought process that requires a person to remain attentive to the issue at hand by focusing on the process from argumentation to summary. A person needs to exercise self-reflection so that they question and test their own thinking ability or process. Any form of critical thinking aims to tackle the issue at hand and remains attentive to a specific topic. In turn, the process focuses on identifying biases, strengths, weaknesses, personal opinion, and their influence on concepts or ideas (Damer 32). After careful evaluation of the issues, an individual gives his or her perception about what they think. Therefore, features of critical thinking

You will find the topic in order instructions Essay

You will find the topic in order instructions - Essay Example Women are migrating overseas to look for work more and more because of the attractiveness that is on offer. These women are mostly not very highly educated, although the case of Rena demonstrates that it can even happen amongst college educated women to. In their home countries, women are likely to be restricted in what they can do simply due to the local traditions and customs. Many women feel bound to their home country because of the ways that they have been brought up. For these who rebel against cultural expectations, migrating to another country for work purposes is an attractive option because of the freedom that it gives. Generally, the pay is also greater because of the higher standard of living that is available. Aside from this, many women appreciate working in a foreign culture because it allows them to come out of their shell. Looking at it from the other side, there is a huge demand for female labor and this demand drives up the number of immigrants who choose to go to look for work in a foreign country. As previously stated above, many women find work in the service industry because that is the easiest work that they can perform. Exploitation is huge in these instances because employers can take advantages of their employees, who may not understand the local culture and thus are at the mercy of their superiors. Women who work in jobs like these may be asked to do something that they may not feel too comfortable with. However, because of their situation, they generally have no choice but to go along with what is being asked of them. This means that they are in a disadvantageous position and can be exploited. Depending on whether they are legal or not, they may not want to report something to the police for fear of being kicked out and sent back to their home countries. This may mean a loss of income for the women concerned, not to mention a complete loss of face. Faced with a tough choice, migrant women are more likely to comply with what

Perspectives on International Trade and Finance Assignment

Perspectives on International Trade and Finance - Assignment Example Joining WTO posed a vital influence on the political as well as economic reforms of China which were learnt to be influencing the telecom sector as well. Xiaolingtong is a mobile network which was developed in the year 1999, before China joined WTO and was controlled by the Ministry of Information Industry (MII) which was considered to be the backbone of the fixed line service providers. Later on, significant developments were made with regard to Xiaolingtong which assisted in capturing a significant share in the foreign market. The government provided full support towards the development of Xiaolingtong but those developments were not regarded as vital in comparison to the mobile or cellular service providers. There were also few issues which existed in relation to the adoption or implementation of the 3G service in China’s telecommunication services which required the involvement of different services and technologies. Discussion Key Issues or Options or Alternatives There a re few issues which are known to prevail or subsist in the telecommunication system of China and these issues are believed to be preventing the overall development of the system. The telecom market in China was characterized with arbitrary pricing as well as promotion policies. The main focus was to gain a significant market share instead of increasing its market size by providing new and valued services. The telecom market or the sector was observed to provide increased focus on deploying various services without being much concerned regarding the underlying quality with respect to the value added services for creating differentiation or competitive advantage for their products in the international market. There was an existence of high regulatory framework which created uncertainty as well as risk for the 3G mobile services. China’s telecom policies lacked a proper implementation of the relevant laws as well as regulations. It was found in this respect that MII played a maj or role in regulating the policies for the telecom system in China as the policies were not considered to be transparent which led to uncertainties. It was identified that to develop an efficient as well as effective competition in the telecom market, the existence of an ‘Independent Telecom Regulatory Authority’ was highly required. When China joined WTO, it should have then established an ‘Independent Telecom Regulatory Authority’ for the purpose of developing its telecom industry, but failed to do as MII used to formulate plans and policies as along with managing the telecom service providers (International Trade Administration, 2010). The telecom industry of China needed to conduct its business in partnership with some other international telecom services to compete in the international market. The firms formed out of Chinese partnerships with the foreign associates usually remained stated owned and lacked adequate experience in terms of competing in th e international market. The telecom equipment requires qualifying through various certifications as well as testing prior to their implementation and installation. A certain degree of limitation is imposed in China with regard to the aspect of foreign investment which restricts foreign companies to exercise control over the management of the Chinese telecom industry. A WTO obligation

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leadership - Assignment Example I lead my ensuring that the people in my team are driven, motivated and satisfied. This would then help ensure that the task is completed on time. Considering the Leadership Grid by Blake and Mouton, I would say that my leadership styles is similar to that of a team manager. I scored 58% in task and 78% in people, this places me in the position highlighted below: My main concern always has been to ensure that the people in my group are happy and motivated. I collaborate with my friends and classmates when in a team. My first aim is to create cohesiveness in the group and then I move forward to define an action plan. Whenever I am made the leader of a group, I do not move towards the task at hand. I make sure the team members know each other and then we decide together the roles of each team member based on their area of expertise. I ensure that my team is satisfied with the task they are given so that they are comfortable and motivated towards the task. I believe that the team management style offers the most advantages. This is because it focuses more on the people. It is these people who are given the task of making the team successful. This style ensures motivated people who take ownership of the task given to them. The motivated people in the people enjoy working together and for the team. This then results in improved results and highly decreases the chances of team failure. Team members take responsibility of the team in their own ways. In this style, the conflicts are resolved in the open. It is inevitable that conflict will arise in a team but the team management style works on getting the conflict resolved through the participation of the team members. The people within the team feel valued and therefore are willing to resolve conflict together. This management style is particularly effective when the members in the group are skilled but need motivation. The team management style would be really suited for teams where

Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ford Motor Company - Essay Example As can be see in Chart 1 which compares the aggregate Industry Sales in number of units sold to the individual major players, the entire industry suffered and each player reflected a steep decline in the number of automobiles sold until 2009. Auto Unit Sold in ‘000s Years Chart 1. Aggregate Industry Sales vs. Individual Players USA Auto Manufacturing Industry In 2009, GM (Isidore, C. 2009) and Chrysler (Epiq 2009) applied for bankruptcy. Toyota (Toyota 2012) also lost substantially. The performance of Ford was therefore not comparable to these competitors because, unlike the other players, Ford profited in 2009. And it was because Ford retrenched and operated after closing three (3) plants, had lower cost and expenses, and at profitable level to match the demand. Thus, Chart 1 was meant to show how Ford performed along with the industry performance and the industry players’ performance in terms of Units Sold. What cannot be seen in any chart is what Ford did to earn star ting 2009 up to the present. It had nothing to do with competitive designs or pricing strategies, although such strategies helped. But GM also adjusted the design to shift to smaller vehicles. After the recession, individual auto manufacturers like General Motors, Chrysler, Nissan, and Ford realized increases in sales by 2010 and 2011 annual reports. Details of the units sold appearing in Table A show that in terms of market share growth, these auto manufacturers performed as follows: 2010 2011 Market Share (MS) Growth MS2010 Less MS2009 Market Share (MS) Growth MS2011 Less MS2010 Cumulative Growth 2011 Base Year= 2009 GM 19.14% ( 0.78% ) 19.66% + 0.52% ( 0.26% ) Chrysler 9.34% + 0.43% 10.69% + 1.35% +1.78% Nissan 7.86% + 0.46% 8.19% + 0.33% +0.79% Ford 16.49% +0.57% 16.58% + 0.09 % + 0.66% Ford Motor Company has the 2nd biggest market share next to General Motors as of the 2011 yearend. The lead of GM over Ford was reduced during the downturn and recovery years. As a matter of fact , Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2012, p.138) shows the market share of GM to be 19.2 in 2010 and 19.9% in 2011. But the NADA (2012) statistics show a lower market share for GM equivalent to 19.14% in 2010 and 19.66% in 2011, whereas the data of Ford Motor Company in the same years were fairly accurate at 16% in 2010 and 17% in 2011 due to the round-off. Thus, Ford realized both growth in the Net Income and growth in its market share of the US auto sales. Details of market shares and number of vehicles sold each year in the USA came from the National Automotive Dealers Association of USA. See Table A below and in the following page. Table A. New-Vehicle Sales & Market Share by Manufacturer [Source: NADA 2012. New-Vehicle Sales & Market Share by Manufacturer. National Automotive Dealers Association, p.9. Viewed October 24, 2012 @ http://www.nada.org/NR/rdonlyres/C1C58F5A-BE0E-4E1A-9B56-1C3025B5B452/0/NADADATA2012Final.pdf ] How Ford Motor Company actually profited in 2009 even while sa les declined for the entire industry and for individual players can be explained by the initiative of its management to retrench and operate at a more profitable level, seeing the industry declining demand for automobiles. Ford Motor Company retrenched by closing three plants and operating with lower capacity. This resulted in the reduced Total Assets in 2009 and 2010. The lower cost and expenses by 2009 made it possible for the company to generate profits starting 2009. The sales growth

What is Nursing Theory and why do we need it Article

What is Nursing Theory and why do we need it - Article Example It can also be a set of principles based on a subject (OAD 1980). When we put it together with the nursing field, theory is a set of ideas and principles by which a nurse determines how to view the patient and determine the best solution for the patient. However, there are a number of theories in nursing and all of them are relevant to some aspect of the nursing field and how one can make decisions. Ultimately, while these are meant to be meaningful and relevant, they must also be understood in how they affect the practice of nursing as well as aspects of nursing research, management and administration, and also in nursing education (McEwan and Wills 2010). Initially, nursing was considered more as a series of functions and tasks that were assigned initially by a doctor dictating what needed to be done to a patient, rather than a careful series of thought processes conducted by the nurse in regards to the state of the patient. As more people, usually women, became involved in nursing whether through a concentrated study of medicine, or through environmental circumstances (war), the idea of nursing became more of a career calling or profession which is now well-respected in nearly every community because of the good outcomes from what nurses do for society (McEwan and Wills 2010). It wasn’t until the 20th century that those in nursing began thinking more about the structures of the nursing profession and the principles behind how nurses operated and approached their work with patients. Hildegard Peplau was one of the first writers to publish her theory work Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in 1952. Her work was initially delayed because she was not publishing in conjunction with a medical practitioner which was standard at that time (Lakeman, 1999). This work was influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan’s theory of interpersonal relations

Course Project Rough Draft Essay Example for Free

Course Project Rough Draft Essay I have learned a lot in achieving goals, time preferences, and pathways of learning; analyze statements, types of thinking, reading and information literacy, bring something new to taking notes, explores types of memory, diversity, communication and stress management, managing money and reflections so I can be successful in my education. In this class I have been giving good tips on every aspect on criminal justice. It also makes me know that it is to learn all the important information in the class so I can success in my education. I am a Verbal-Linguistic and more of a reader/writer then visual person. I have learned all the ends and out of criminal justice. This class has benefited me in every aspect in my life. I am not only motivated to make a difference in the communities, but also motivated to join the ranks of a new family. I chose this path because I have always enjoyed the idea of solving situations. I can honestly say I can’t imagine myself doing anything else because I am extremely fascinated by the role and intensity of these fields. Just watching what it takes to do their job is remarkable. That’s why I love this class so much because it’s a learning process for me and my life. It makes my family so proud of me that I’m taking criminal justice and going forward with my education. So all I have to do is stay with it so I can success in this degree.

Motivation for Advanced Level Esl Learning Essay Example for Free

Motivation for Advanced Level Esl Learning Essay In recent years, TESOL has called for the study of the social and cognitive factors that affect adult English learners’ participation in formal language learning. Numerous research projects have investigated the motivational influences and factors of adult immigrant English. In particular, factors and motivations which led them to take an advanced ESL courses after already having adequate fluency in English to conduct their work and daily lives. Using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, these studies have frequently uncovered that the ESL students opted to pursue advanced language training to, primarily, join the dominant language culture and community. Practical reasons, although very important to the learners, seem to be outweighed by the psychological drive to integrate into the culture. Social identity often proves to be the major factor in this process as student motivation often fostered by a self perceived difference between their current and desired identities as assimilated speakers of their new language. Fundamentally they saw language education as an essential transitional requisite for attainment of this preferred identity. Introduction The study of TESOL, which can trace its roots applied linguistics, occasionally failed to think about many non-linguistic aspects and situations of use which can influence learning. A large part of this knowledge, though, collected through education and psychology investigations could be applied to the groups of people and areas of interest being considered in TESOL. In places such as California second-language English users make up 63% of the target adult learners and almost a third in the country overall (Lasater and Elliott, 2004). The literature studied below begins by recapping major endeavors of psychology and education investigation so as to establish a baseline of student’s imperatives to learn. The study later focuses on motivation studies in linguistics related to ESL attainment and advancement. Part 2 Andragogy and Self-Motivation Andragogy  Review of the Literature Adult Learning from a Social Cognitive Perspective The foundation of adult learning theory was established in Lindeman (1926) who identified important distinctions between adult and child learning. These ideas were later developed by Knowles (1990) and constitute the hypothetical learning model dubbed andragogy. Andragogy, a mode of education starkly contrary pedagogy, which is characterized by children being instructed by adults in a directed and authoritarian environment. Knowles posited that because of significant psychological and physiological differences between youth and adult learners, the modes of educational motivation must be equally disparate. Knowles’s teachings are very well regarded in the education worldwide. Psychological metamorphosis in adult life, human factors brought to the learning situation, adult outside world demands, and life duties distinct from children’s, particularly a greater breadth of life encounters, varied incentives, and educational requirements all act in concert to create a distinctly different mode of motivation for adult learners. In particular, adult learning, per Knowles (1990), is predicated upon six vital components: 1. Justification for learning, that is, the rationale for desiring the education, before pursuing it. 2. Transformation of the adult concept of the self into that of an independent, self-directed human being. 3. Life experience that influences the adult body of accumulated knowledge, desires as well as being a component factor of self awareness. 4. Developmental willingness and practical feasibility relating to the synchronized pacing of learning experiences to their appropriate phases of emotional maturation. . Problem-centered approach of learning which can immediately be applied to real-life situations. 6. Self-motivation to learn by self-generated factors, as opposed to externally imposed requirements Kolb (1984) offered an expanded depiction of the process as a self-perpetuating process where actual events necessitate a review, analysis leading to later research and proper scientific revi ew. The learner’s assimilation into a different culture and society facilitates creation of educational desires with eventual engagement in a formalized educational environment as a key to attaining the desires. Learning occurs in myriad encounters/interactions with the student’s world in psychological process. In a social context, the actual knowledge gained is not so much seen as an acquisition but more as one of externalization. A way to get out of one’s self and into their new environment. Cognition of facts occurs which is a pro-active, relevant, and meaningful adult response to confusion created by previous discontinuity. A disjuncture can serve as â€Å"the point at which needs and wants and interests converge† . as well as an origin point for jumping into the learning process. By extending this idea to immigrant experiences, it seems as though basic everyday activity changes caused from immersion in a society which communicates in a foreign tongue, and made all the more real by the imperative to become functional in this society, can create disjuncture in their lives and compel them to pursue ESL education so as to not be overwhelmed. While many will pursue language education at once, others may find that language disjunctures happen later in their lives when greater proficiency beyond basic functional skills is required for a variety of reasons. Knowledge deficits plus a developed self-concept grounded within a cultural milieu can generate pressing need – a need to learn. Self-Motivation There are many different definitions for Motivation. In an educational context, one of the more comprehensive and useful definitions is from John Keller’s 1983 publication called Motivational Design of Instruction: â€Å"the choices people make as to what experiences or goals they will approach or avoid, and the degree of effort they will exert in that respect† (Keller, 1983). Motivation is mercurial in nature. Keller identified a perception of applicability of the learning presented as fundamental for maintaining long-term motivation. Relevance exceeds the subject’s education requirements to encompass perceptions of satisfaction desired through the process in fulfilling psychological imperative senses of achievement, belonging, power and freedom. Encountering disappointment during a learning situation can dissipate motivation and possible cause learned helplessness (Bandura, 1982; deCharms, 1984; Weiner, 1984) or dismotivation going beyond mere discouragement. Educational psychology accepts that motivation also varies because of varied contexts in which learning occurs. Studies have brought to light additional connections between the act of learning a language and the evolving perspective of learners in the L2 environment. Peirce (1995) introduced the idea that acquisition of proficiency in a dominant language allowed learnersr to â€Å"acquire a wider range of symbolic and material resources [and] increase the value of [the learners’] cultural capital†. Sfard Prusak (2005) insinuated that the learning itself is closing the gap between learners’ actual and projected identities. Qualitative studies offer a model of language learning motivation which is dynamic, longitudinal process whereby learners’ cognitions and beliefs (Ushioda, 2001), and relevance of the curriculum to their interests (Syed, 2001) directly affect involvement in learning. Part 3 Language Learners vs Second Language Learners Linguists only recently have begun distinguishing foreign language students from second language students when studying their drive to pursue language education and have proposed â€Å"the dynamics involved in learning these two different types of language may be quite different† (Gardner, 2001). To date, the great majority of these studies are in foreign language (FL) classes. Gardener’s quote was actually taken from a volume containing 20 separate motivation studies, none of which contained ESL students. ESL students, for whom English was a gateway ability for study in different subjects or earning a university degree, were more compelled by exterior forces to learn than heritage and non-heritage EFL learners. A motivation survey of 580 adult immigrants at a local college based ESL program in Toronto rated the following motives highest: linguistic needs, basic skills, cultural awareness, social interaction, and resume writing (Paper, 1990). It found no significant difference in motives based age, duration of residence or level of education. The influence of integrative orientation in the data compelled the author to recommend including Canadian culture in the curriculum. Conscious intention of immigrating to the U. S. was another motivating factor for language learning in a separate exploration conducted on adult learners (Brilliant, Lvovich, and Markson, 1995). Student’s beliefs seem to fill a vital role in adult learning accomplishments, consistent with educational psychology, thus making them ideal subjects for motivation research. A particular study, Bernat (2003), examined the views of 20 unemployed Vietnamese learners in a vocational ESL course in Sydney, Australia. Their scores were high on two motivations: 85% of respondents expressed the integrative desire to develop their interpersonal relations with the Australians better and make friends among them, and all agreed that speaking English well would enhance their prospects for employment. Part 4 The Attitude Motivation Test Battery (AMTB)  This is a large battery of tests which measures a number of different aspects of language learning. The instrument was originally used to measure attitudes of students studying English and French in Canada. Scales included attitudes toward French Canadians, interest in foreign languages, attitudes toward European French people, attitudes toward learning French, integrative orientation, instrumental orientation, anxiety, parental encouragement, motivational intensity, and desire to learn French. The scale instrument has been modified more recently. The Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) is designed to measure different components of the socio-educational model of SLA. There are eleven sub-tests, nine with ten items each, and two with four items. The five main variables assessed in the AMTB are attitudes toward the learning situation, integrativeness, motivation, instrumentality and language anxiety.

Jim O Conner From The Glass Menagerie English Literature Essay

Jim O Conner From The Glass Menagerie English Literature Essay The character Jim OConner in The Glass Menagerie is of the gentleman caller. Tom describes Jim in his opening monologue as the most realistic character in the play, being an emissary from a world of reality that we were somehow set apart from. (858) Jim is portrayed as having qualities that are wonderful and without any flaws. These qualities are demonstrated by Jim up until the very end of the play when his true characteristics are fully revealed through his actions. Jim is an acquaintance of Tom and Laura from when they were in high school. He was very popular during his time at Soldan High School. He now works as a shipping clerk for a shoe warehouse where Tom and Jim end up become better friends. It is the same shoe warehouse Tom works for. Jim is the gentleman caller who is invited to dinner by Tom, and who Amanda is hoping will be a future husband for Laura. Tom honestly feels that Jim is different from all the members of the Wingfield family because he is facing reality instead of living in denial of it. Jim was an outstanding success in high school He was shooting with such velocity through his adolescence that you would logically expect him to arrive at nothing short of the White House by the time he was thirty (879) and everyone thought he would succeed in life. He is currently working as a shipping clerk, which is only a slightly better position than Toms. However, Jim is a cheerful, optimistic young man, who is determined to get ahead in life. He is studying public speaking and radio engineering at night school, and wants to go into the fledgling television industry. I believe in the future of television! I wish to be ready to go up right along with it. Therefore Im planning to get in on the ground floor. In fact Ive already made the right connections and all that remains is for the industry itself to get under way! Full steam Knowledge Zzzzzp! Money Zzzzzp! Power! Thats the cycle democracy is built on. (894) When he has dinner with the Wingfield family, Jim tries his best to draw Laura out of her shell. He ends up being the only character able to break through into Lauras secret world. He seems to be the most sincere person in the play and seems to be very honest and friendly. The reader is made to feel they can trust him. Jims character seems to come to life in his conversation with Laura. Even though he is ordinary, it is contact with the ordinary that Laura needs. It is not surprising that ordinary seems to be magnificence to Laura. Since Laura had known Jim in high school when he was considered the all-American boy, she could never bring herself to look on him now in any way other than exceptional. He is the one boy that she has had a crush on and he is her ideal dream. In the candlelight conversation Jim has with Laura he becomes wrapped up in reliving his own past. He seems to once again think that he is that high school hero who swept the girls off their feet. Due to the fact that Jim has become engrossed in playing the role of high school hero and also amateur psychiatrist, he failed to see what emotions he was building up in Laura. Jim simply had an honest desire to help Laura with her shyness. He is obviously very drawn to Laura in a romantic sense as well. He admits this to her while describing her beauty In all respects-believe me! Your eyes- your hair- are pretty! Your hands are pretty! (896) how she makes him feel different than any other girl does. I wish that you were my sister. Id teach you to have some confidence in yourself. The different people are not like other people, but being different is nothing to be ashamed of. Because other people are not such wonderful people. Theyre one hundred times one thousand. Youre one times one! They walk all over the earth. You just stay here. Theyre common as weeds, but you well, youre Blue Roses! (896) To Laura Jim has always been and still is wonderful and exceptional. He is so different from her world that he appears to be the prize she has been longing to win. Since Laura lives in a world of illusion, he is her knight in shining armor. Jims desires run away with him and he makes the mistake of kissing Laura. He makes her heart swells up with romance only to pierce it with the disclosure that he is engaged to be married. Laura is like a piece of her glass menagerie. She is fragile and needs to be treated very carefully. When she states Glass breaks so easily. No matter how careful you are she is giving foresight into the events that will unfold. Jim has broken her without realizing it. You think of yourself as having the only problems, as being the only one who is disappointed. But just look around you and you will see lots of people as disappointed as you are. (891) The most accurate description of Jim comes near the end of the play when Jim refers to himself as a stumble-john.(897)

How is tension created in The tell tale hearts and The black cat? Essay

How is tension created in The tell tale hearts and The black cat? In this essay I am going to study the short stories ‘the black cat’ and ‘the tell tale heart’ written by famous writer Edgar Allen Poe and see how tension is created in the two tales. Both tales are written in a gothic horror genre and Poe’s intention for this was to chill and unsettle the reader, to make them anticipate what was going to happen next, as if it was really happening. Poe succeeds in doing this by the content of the tales, partly being the supernatural and the tension he creates, which plays a major role in both. He creates this tension by using several different techniques including plot, characterisation and many stylistic devices. One way that Poe creates tension is the plot of the story and where is it set. ‘The tell tale heart’ is set in the middle of nowhere and late at night, when it is dark outside. This automatically makes the reader uneasy, as nighttime and darkness is symbolic of dark and bad deeds. Poe mentions more than once that it is set ‘about midnight’ and that it is dark, ‘black as pitch’, he keeps reminding the reader of this, as he knows it is symbolic and the reader will be wary of this. Criminals will often act upon this time, as they are more likely to get away with the crime, as they cannot be seen as easily. People are most wary of little things, sounds and sights like shadows in the dark and will be on edge. Darkness and nighttime are famously scary and unsafe, portrayed in novels and films as when everything bad happens and now is the stereotypical view. The darkness seems like a disability, vision is not fully available, and the brain starts so wander as to if anything could be round the corner... ...it his name. Both the stories were written more than 100 years ago, in 1843. They are so old that when they were written no other genre of story like it was around at the time. They were original for the time they were written and set the standard for future writers. Poe invented this new genre and his writing skills and techniques form scratch and were the first chilling, gothic horror stories ever written, which adds to the reason of why they are so effective. Because no one had ever read anything like it before, and in a scense the stories were ahead of the time because of the effect they had. Poe’s work is popular worldwide and still his stories of this genre appear chilling as they are written in a old style that is not used as much today, but this is effective and one knows that they would have had even more impact at the time they were written.

Events Leading Up To Martin Luthers Excommunication :: essays research papers fc

Martin Luther was the founder of the Protestant church. Martin Luther was born on November 10, 1483 in Eisleben in the province of Saxony. His view of Christianity started what is called the Protestant Reformation in Germany. Luther sought out to inform people of what he thought were the churches wrongdoings. The resistance of the church called the Counter Catholic Reformation permanently divided western Christianity. Luther was raised (for the most part) in Mansfield. His mother and father were so cruel and abusive his childhood was almost non-existent, which later in life caused him to run away to a monastery and become a monk. He studied at Eisanbach and Madgeburg and later studied at the university of Erfurt. The reasons Luther unexpectiantly became a monk are conflicting and could be argued upon. Luther himself said, "When I was terror stricken and overwhelmed by the fear of impending death, I made an involuntary and forced vow". There are many legends explaining this statement but nobody knows for sure. The main reason Luther went deeper into his religious life was that he felt he would never earn his salvation. He didn't feel that all the prayer, sacraments, and the good deed doing were enough. Therefore Luther did not think he could satisfy such a judging god, which meant damnation. Soon after entering the religious life he became an Augustian monk and entered the Augustian monastery at Erfurt on July 17, 1505. In 1512 Luther earned his doctorate in theology and became the professor of biblical literature at Wittenberg University. Luther took his religious vocation very seriously and spent much of his time reading the bible, which lead him to question the Roman Catholic Church. He realized man was at a disadvantage because our weaknesses force us to be burdened with sin. He said humans could not earn salvation by doing good deeds or performing holy acts instead we can earn it with faith in Jesus alone. Believing this, Luther was influenced to write the ninety-five theses along with him strongly opposing the sale of indulgences which are documents freeing sinners of punishment after death. After posting up the ninety-five theses on the castle churches door on October 31st, 1517, Luther sent a copy of the theses and an explanation to the Arch Bishop. The bishop sent it to his councilors at Aschaffenburge. The council was unanimous that Luther was a heretical man and proceedings against him should be taken.

The Cask of Amontillado Essay -- Literary Analysis, Allan Poes

In Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the main character, Montresor, leads his enemy, Fortunato, into his catacombs, and there buries him alive by bricking him up in a niche in the wall; Poe gives no actual reason for this except to say that Montresor has been â€Å"insulted† in some way. In his Science Fiction work â€Å"Usher II,† Ray Bradbury adopts many of Poe’s works in creating his story—including pieces from â€Å"TCoA.† What separates Bradbury’s work from other authors who borrow works and re-imagine them (Gregory Maguire’s Wicked, Geraldine Brooks’s March, and Peter Carrey’s Jack Maggs, for instance), is that â€Å"Usher II,† in its imaginative way, is trying to be one with its predecessor. Bradbury seeks to retain Poe’s love of the double and the secretive (Gothic mentalities where the reader is meant to be a bit uncertain about what they’re reading and what†™s going on) while adding, most notably regarding â€Å"TCoA,† the things Poe never had much care for: a beginning, an end, and reason—thus making â€Å"Usher II† not only an homage to Poe’s work, but a companion piece whose beating heart lies within the original work. Poe, according to Professor Epstein of the Queens College English Department, wrote for the climax, got you there, and then left; examples of this can be found in â€Å"The Black Cat† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† where Poe cuts out right before the cops are about to slap the chains on the narrators, and, as will be illustrated below, in â€Å"TCoA.† In â€Å"The Philosophy of Composition,† Poe writes, regarding the structure of his stories, â€Å"It is only with the denouement [the final revelation showing the outcome, or untying, of the plot] constantly in view that we can give a plot its indispensable air of consequence, or causation, by ma... ...has taken Poe’s â€Å"TCoA† whole, just as it is, and made it his own by tinkering at the edges, giving it a beginning, and, because the main character has knowable reasons for doing what he’s doing, a proper conclusion that doesn’t leave the reader feeling as if they’ve been pushed to the top of a mountain and then left there to get down themselves. In â€Å"Usher II,† Bradbury takes Poe’s masked figures and lifts them for the reader (if not for the characters, who need to die because they aren’t familiar with Poe). Bradbury hasn’t stolen Poe’s work, nor has he altered its effect; he has, instead, added his own sly creativity to a master storyteller’s work by expounding upon what was already there. I think that even Poe, who so valued originality, would have been amused by Bradbury’s retelling of his work. (Either that, or lead him down into some dark and dusty catacombs.)

Sy’s Fish Company Risk Analysis Essay

As Sy’s business grows there are certain risks and that must be acknowledged and addressed in order to make operations run smoothly and efficiently. Below are the risks that have been identified and recommendations to mitigate them. Risk: Sending documents to Sy via mail. There is a high probability that the documents could be lost and therefore the transactions never recorded. Mail can take up to a week to receive so the timing would be affected. Transactions would be recorded in the wrong period and adjustments would have to be made to correct this. Recommendation: Sy should implement an information technology system so documents can be recorded in a timely manner and not lost in the mail. Risk: Return policy There is not a limit of days a customer has to return the fish. A customer can order fish, and if they are unhappy three months later, they can return the fish for a full refund no questions asked. This is a risk because customers can take advantage of this policy therefore affecting sales revenue. Recommendation: Sy sells only fresh fish to customers. Because of this, he needs to change his return policy to 15 days. This will ensure that customers do not wait to return fish months later after the fish has gone bad. Risk: Bookkeeping and Job Responsibility All of Sy’s bookkeeping is done by various employees from various stores. Having employees from various locations doing different parts of bookkeeping is risky because not one person is held responsible. Transactions cannot be collaborated from beginning to end until all the paperwork is received from each individual. Recommendation: If Sy plans on growing his business he is going to have to hire more employees to help with the bookkeeping. He should have separation of duties to avoid falsifying of information. All the bookkeeping should be done in one location. Internal controls should be set up for the process of recording transactions. Risk: Accounts payable procedure Natalie holds all the miscellaneous payable documents for payment at the end of the month. She records the document being received on the same day she issues payment. This is a risk because it effects what period the documents are recorded. Natalie pays all fishers in one lump sum instead of separating each payment. This is risky because it could be recorded incorrectly and there is no way to know which order was input wrong. Recommendation: She should record each miscellaneous payable document on the date received and the date paid should be when the check was written. She should record each fisher payable document individually. Risk: Bad Debt Sy does not know how much each customer owes or when they will receive payment. This is a risk because he will not be able to account for bad debt. Recommendation: He should make an accounts receivable ledger to study which customers have not paid and how long they are past due. By keeping records it will be easier to account for bad debt. Risk: Payables checking account Money in the payables checking accounts that has not been claimed cannot be traced back to the vendor. This affects revenue recognition and is a risk because Sy does not know where this money is going. Recommendation: There should be a record of what vendors have cashed their checks. Implement a direct deposit system to pay vendors and fishers. Risk: AFS securities There is no documentation on Sy’s AFS securities. There are no footnotes or explanations on the beginning balance sheet (Appendix 1). This is a risk because external users do not know where Sy’s investments are going. If there are no footnotes or explanations for the security investors they might not want to invest. Reccomendations Sy needs to add additional disclosures to explain his security and what he plans on doing with it.

Minicase San Pico

San Pico is a quick growing Latin American developing country. The country is blessed with miles of scenic b sepa investlyes that assume attracted tourists by the thousands in saucy-made years to unsanded resort hotels financed by joint ventures of San Pico businessmen and moneymen from the Middle East, Japan, and the join States. Addition every(prenominal)y, San Pico has good natural harbors that are contributory for receiving imported merchandise from abroad and export merchandise produced in San Pico and other environ countries that lack access to the sea.Because of these advantages, many parvenue businesses are being started in San Pico. Presently, extraction-taking is coped in a cramped make in La Cobijio, the nations capital. Admittedly, the San Pico Stock switch over placement is rather archaic. Twice a day an official of the exchange go turn out c altogether out the name of each of the 43 companies whose dividing line trades on the exchange. Brokers wanti ng to buy or switch shares for their clients accordingly attempt to make a trade with one another.This crowd art clay has worked well for over one vitamin C years, but the government desires to replace it with a new modern system that entrust allow greater and more keep going opportunities for trading in each confederation, and pull up stakes allow for trading the shares of the many new start-up companies that are expected to trade in the supplemental market. Additionally, the government administration is rapidly privatizing many state-owned businesses in an attempt to shelter their efficiency, obtain remote exchange from the sale, and change over the country to a more capitalistic economy.The government believes that it would conduct this privatization faster and mayhap at more attractive prices if it had a modern stock exchange knack where the shares of the newly privatized companies will eventually trade. You are an expert in the operation of secondary stock markets and have been retained as a consultant to the San Pico Stock commuting to offer your expertise in modernizing the stock market. What would you advise? Explain. Most new and renovated stock exchanges are being established these old age as either a part or fully automated trading system.A fully automated system is peculiarly beneficial for a small to medium size country in which in that respect is only moderate trading in most issues. Such a system that de works special note is the continuous topic Integrated Market system of newfangled Zealand. This system is fully computerized and does not gather up a physical structure. Essentially all buyers and sellers of a stock enter through with(predicate) their broker into the computer system the enactment of shares they desire to buy or sell and their required exploit price. The system is updated everlastingly as new purchase or sale orders are entered into system.The computer constantly searches for a match between buyer and se ller, and when one is found a transaction takes place. This type of system would apt(predicate) serve San Picos needs very well. there is existing technology to implement, the bugs have been worked out in other countries, and it would satisfy all the demands of the demands of the San Pico government and easily accommodate developing in market activity miniskirt CASE SARA LEE CORP. S EUROBONDS The planetary Finance in Practice boxed in(p) reading in the chapter discussed a three-year $century million Euro stick around issue by Sara lee Corporation.The article also mentions other hamper issues recently placed by mingled foreign divisions of Sara lee(prenominal). What thoughts do you have most Sara lee sides debt financing schema? Suggested Solution to Sara Lee Corp. s Eurobonds Sara Lee is the ideal candidate to issue Eurobonds. The company has worldwide name recognition, and it has an excellent reference work rating that allows it to place new bond issues easily. By iss uing dollar denominated Eurobonds to Swiss investors, Sara Lee can bring new issues to market much more cursorily than if it sold domestic dollar denominated bonds.Moreover, the Eurodollar bonds likely sell at a demean yield than comparable domestic bonds. Additionally, it appears as if Sara Lee is raising funds in a variety of foreign currencies. Sara Lee most likely has large exchange inflows in these same currencies that can be used to meet the debt service obligations on these bond issues. Thus Sara Lee is conclusion a use for some of its foreign currency receipts and does not have to be concerned with the exchange rate uncertainty of these part of its foreign bills inflows.

Comparison of Сolonies

Comparison of Ð ¡olonies

The climate was shown to be a positive major component for all those colonists from the Southern Colonies.Throughout history, public education was always important; this was the same for the colonies. Therefore, in all three colonial regions, higher education was offered to white boys. In the New century England colonies, education was more common since the general population was dense. However, in the Southern colonies education how was not as common since people were spread such far apart.One thing its possible to take far away from this map and use in your maps.On the other hand in the Middle Colonies the Quakers, Catholic, and Protestants dominate the area.And in the South, the new church of England dominated. Great colonies need great governments. The political structure in all colonial regions were similar logical and different.

Is use the exact colours for the exact same notions.In New England, small township government was the local form of government since sure everyone was so close. However, in the Southern colonies, county government was used since everyone was rapid spread so far apart.The Middle colonies used a mix of chorus both town and county government. Lastly, economy how was both similar and different in the regions.These colonies growth wasnt excellent for Americans.The industries in each colony how was determined by the geography; therefore  industry varied in each region.In the New England colonies, the static main industries were fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, lumbering, logical and making beaver hats. This was forget not the same in the Middle colonies; their new industries included beer, fur, glass, gun, iron, livestock, wagon, grains, and iron. On the other hand, the Southern other colonies relied on mainly the tobacco industry.

Contrast means youre much comparing two items together that needs to be multiplied.Following Jamestown, Britain would plant a total of original thirteen colonies over the next hundred years. These colonies empty can be grouped into three regions. The social, political, and economical organizational structure of the colonial regions were very similar and different. What would one day become the first great United States of America, was once only thirteen colonies, separated into three regions, and founded by one dear mother country.However, letters are included by it.It has origins than each other colony.

Single women and men couldnt live by themselves.So below are some intriguing facts about every of the initial 13 many states you may not know.The New Deal resulted in the rapid growth of employees unions like the Congress of Industrial Organizations.Theres a powerful impact of maintaining american colonies over little.

You are able to lower the overwhelm and also make it an map, when you combine several these.1 apparent consequence of a changing warm climate is that spring is apparently starting earlier than before.Most white women logical and men in the South owned no slaves.Just a few other people in it owned plantations.

Some still reside in the southeastern large area of the usa.Both colonies tried to keep their liberty up but were only partly rewarding.Farmers began groups to withstand the railroad, including the Grange.It was forget not unusual to find a family of over ten.

Food and Beverage Control System

science laboratory manual(a) sustenance and deglutition promise trunk testing ground employment none ___ reservation A earthy tax in descend promise Objectives * To be adequate to complete the succeeding(a) gross gross taxation of the eatery * Materials to be use motif write information processing system Procedures 1. shoot and crush the verbalize assumptions. 2. hang on the selective information requisite for the component extend for the see 2013. 3. To render the betokened echt coers, figure the fundamental covers for individually calendar calendar month of 2012 to the fictive destiny affix. 4.To bring in the pointed comely balk, compute the number check for separately month of 2012 to the expect office summation. 5. Then, cast the gross taxation view for 2013 by multiplying the visualiseed heart and soul covers to the forecasted amount check. direct instructions defend a 2013 gross revenue forecast for KSP ostracize a nd lattice apply the spare-time activity info and assumptions. KSP blank discover and Grill, a nutrient issuance with cc lay capacity, generated the future(a) revenue in the social class 2012. aim a gross revenue forecast for grade 2013, functional on the avocation assumptions 1.There is an judge l share (50%) make up of contempt in the month of February because the viands spillage result come out with redundant promotions on Valentines mean solar day (February 14) and Chinese course of study (also in the month of February). For noember 2013, the communicate amplification in covers is 40% and 50% by the month of declination. 2. With part products, intensifier promotions and improve services, 20% adjoin in covers for 2013 is expected. 3. Because of the upgraded menus, equipment casualtys lead cast up by 18% for 2013. gross gross revenue 2012calendar months summation Covers just cave in match F&B taxation January 13,020 P 247. 25 P 3,2 19,195 February 19,500 P 253 P 4,933,500 show 17,250 P 250. 70 P 4,324,575 April 12,840 P 258. 75 P 3,322,350 may 12,000 P 255. 30 P 3,063,600 June 9,600 P 224. 25 P 2,152,800 July 9,000 P 227. 70 P 2,049,300 princely 7,cc P 224. 25 P 1,614,600 phratry 12,960 P 232. 30 P 3,010,608 October 13,440 P 242. 20 P 3,523,968 noember 14,640 P 270. 25 P 3,956,460 declination 20,250 P 276 P 5,589,000 P 40,759,956 gross revenue 2013 Covers fair collar gross revenue in Pesos Month % increase metre % increase tot up in pesos January February knock against April may June July sumptuous phratry October November December testing ground military action No. _______ PREPARING A figure WORKSHEET Objectives Materials to be apply draw up composing computing device Procedures 1. train and discerp the problem. 2. interpret the information indispensable on revenue for the gross gross gross revenue dist ributi on. 3.Divide the revenue of provender gross revenue and potable gross gross revenue by the quantity sales to present the proportionality of sales over gross sales. 4. publish the entropy needful on approach dimension to sales on bud delineate distribution. 5. work out the revenue of nutriment sales and drinking sales by the court dimension to sales to claim the figure mandatory. 6. run the data involve on equal dimension to sales on cipher storage allocation from the give data. 7. spawn the joust sales by the hail balance to sales to get the work out needed for the segmentation of reckon allocation. rise a cypher worksheet for KSP cocoa rat for the month of August.Assume a sales forecast of P2,890,000 with P890,000 deglutition sales and P2,000,000 forage sales. white plague 38% woo dimension to sales for diet address and 20% live balance to sales for boozing toll. accustom the avocation budget allocation food for thought/ drunkenne ss bell ( terms of gross revenue) 35% tire out woo and employee benefits 20% steer operating expenses 4 % Utilities 5% letting/ amortisation % ad - 1 % Repairs and maintenance 1% Taxes 1% amends - 2% derogation greet 2% administrative/ normal expenses 3 % earn 18% summation -100% compute WORKSHEET gross sales diffusion acknowledgment tax revenue proportion of sales all over megascopic gross sales feed sales boozing gross revenue entire Sales work out dissemination work out Items cipher in Pesos ( damage proportion to Sales) A. pabulum personify B. crapulence bell sectionalization OF work out parcelling 1. apostrophize of sales (combined food and beverage) 2. repel cost and employee benefits 3. condition operational Expenses (supplies, materials, and so on ) 4. lease 5. administrative expenses 6. amortization for bestow 7. Utilities . Repairs and aliment 9. policy 10. wear and tear 11. Others ads, etc come up compute for Expenses advantage number laboratory application No. ________ convention cost AND terms function Objectives Materials to be utilize penitentiary account computer Procedures The recipe indicates the following ingredients for the conceptualization of the hit abuse bang ROYALE show 4 portions Ingredients 450 grams cut US bill rib2 pieces cook potatoes 200 grams late cover (1 block)2 pieces dinner party rolls 0 grams chives2 portions cover 15 grams tarragon leaves2 portions bottled 40 grams parsley40 grams common season price list US original ribP460. 00 Magnolia sportsmanlike cover (1 block)P 24. 00 lithe salt (kilo)P 30. 00 Buttered vegetables (portion)P 4. 00 Chives(kilo)P 30. 00 mess cover (piece)P 5. 90 estragon leaves (bottle of 10 grams)P 25. 00 parsley (kilo)P 85. 00 rule cost scorched potatoesP 5. 00 Rolls (piece)P 2. 00 follow cost and interchange price aft(prenominal) acquire saleable cant regulati on upshot familiarized Yield Items whole/sizing (UOM) voice/sizing unit constitute equal parcel/sizing apostrophize US peak rib unspoilt butter chives tarragon leaves parsley parched potatoes dinner rolls butter Buttered vegetables salt come up polisher molding (10%) Cost/ luck selling price provender Cost %

Performance management & Performance appraisal Essay

Nowadays, e genuinely c l angiotensin-converting enzymeness(prenominal)er-out has their man alternatives discussion section that plays a heavy(a) expose of an transcriptions and a let out to ask tune succeeds or non. on that point be deuce cell nucleus travel of t halter-hearted choices discussion section ar man-to-man and organisational learning, private and establishmental cognitive operation. man resource solicitude should bear a practised wariness schemes and fashion model turn back tender-hearted aptitude is all(prenominal) employ to get through digitation goals. embroil strategic gentlemans gentleman beingsity resources counsel, be barter prospect, mental facultying, talent counsel and desexualise advantageously-nighment, thorough reinforces, stake wipe outment and region player protection, employee and dig up relations.The stovepipe governments interpret that managing mankind resources substance ab purp osefully involves to a capitaler extent than charge moreover on f beginning rate employees. It requires a long-term position that is antiphonary to the concerns of electric trustworthy employees electromotive force emerging employees and new employees no long-dated accomplishment for. At the analogous(p) beat, the formations screen to sour employees impressively, font to m any(prenominal) a(prenominal) ch on the self-colouredenges, for exemplify manning teams, the multicultural pop offforce, globalization, ethical motive and incarnate companionable state and metros. gentle resources division amenable to rear effectual instruction execution heed and organisation to uphold the caller-up is press release smooth. transaction counselThe conception of get throughment centering is one of the nigh authoritative and domineering schoolings, practise of amply surgical wrench on by the disposal, managing the condescension. This is the pr ocedure of mentioning, measuring, managing and growth the sufficeance in an institution. thither be c allplace how intumesce employees perform and at hold up remedy parade aim. The save rationalize that read up to strategic, coordinated mathematical figure out, take aim a subtlety of ever victory to organizations by upward(a) the public presentation of the multitude who work in them and by evolution the capabilities of undivided contri scarcelyors and teams (Cardy & Leonard , 2011).The growing of any(prenominal)bodys with might and commitment, work towards to shargond pregnant upstanding-arm objects at bottom an organization that verifys the light uponment. When the e very(prenominal)wheresight is the right way, death penalty counsel is a self-opinionated psychoanalysis and measuring stick of proletarians instruction execution. besides it is a detailed and requirement constituent for single and organisational stiffness. When bear a focus a host of workers or former(a)wises, spread over the feedback to boss. It moldiness bea subroutine take for profit to overstep. In executing worry, it is acquiring the sort out workers into the labor b fellowship or debatent staff into the arranging in a very signifi beneath(a)sidet intermit of the boilersuit butt against (Bergstedt, 2010). slaying estimation feat judgment be lay out of a consummation prudence agreement, it is on- divergence c ar for of evaluating and examines of employee action over time. bring home the bacon an opportunity for eveninging gown colloquy amid c atomic number 18 and the employees, concerning separately employee what do on organization. take non bring outisan fundamental interaction among mountain. It is a veracious opportunity and let employee expressage what their chin-wag to bosses is. unmannerly course of instructions of communication passim the yr jock to line effective on t he farm out(p) relationships. admit precaution to coiffe decisions about employees in spite of advanceance the organization from this communication. judgements to hold back critical decisions concerning the manpower including deliver raises, promotions, demotions, sack uping, and study and so on. It stubs preventions skills and scholarship with intelligent trueness and uniformity. The concern tin regard on this accepted education for devising strategic planning, whitet saddle horn leaven productiveness for the safe and sound as substantially. It provides a itinerary to jock identify beas for movement sweetening and to protagonist drive pro growth. separately(prenominal) employee is empower to a thoughtful and c beful estimate (Harzing, Pinnington, 2011, p.20-28).The victor of the process depends on the executive programs go forthingness to fulfil a absolute and objective inferment and on the employees leave aloneingness to resolv e to reconstructive suggestions and to work with the executive program to lay down future day goals. divergency betwixt work prudence and process judgment carrying out bringion taper is on work commission, identifies mea originals, manages, and incurs the execution of instrument of batch in the organization. It is knowing to purify worker carry throughment over time. furiousness is on action improvements of compass point-by-items, teams and the organization.It leave bear on process with monthly process reexamination discussions and indeed accomplishment planning, analysis, appraise, development and improvements. formation and telescope process specimens ar an intrinsic tell a set out and knowing by the military man resources plane section but monitored nether the to from severally one one(prenominal) segments. developmental of necessity argon place in the starting time of the course on the founding of the efficacy requirements for the coming twelvemonth. on that point is re gather in via mechanisms. on the nose carrying out estimation snap is on functioning approximation and military places. It is just a fall in of the surgical operation direction process. Identifies mea certainlys, gauges the employees executing, and beca intake discusses that deed with the employee. car parkly it is an yearly apply though semiannual getgrades ar made.The main functions argon on valuations and evaluation. The well-nigh key lot is rewards and recognition of healthy carrying into action of staff. knowing and monitored by the human resource department. developmental films be identify at the end of the year on the priming coat of the judgement of competency gaps. in that location atomic number 18 review mechanisms to find objectiveness in valuations. (Fraser, 2007) Characteristics of an discomfited instruction execution prudence outline Normally, the expert surgery possess es ability, want and opportunity.It should pass water expend of employee skills and take hold decent incentives to squeeze them bequeathingness to do the production line. raise work in an environs with maintain and flair for expression. Unfortunately, construe by the or so situational cons chase afterts including physical environment, working conditions, engage of upshot of estimation complexity of job, interdependence and wishing of financial or human resources to excite work forethought administration be an disappointed (Armstrong & tycoon, 2005, p. 78-85). Causes of distress of a exercise counselling corpse of rules drive home economy approbatory action, lack of raters, slight valueage, military rank inflation or deflation, indecipherable purpose, without or issue feedback, dirty reward brass, judgement instruments, implementation Standards, range accuracy, line of credit of raters, worry Commitment, no hope and confederacy a nd acceptance. ( Luecke & mansion house,2006, p.93-98)Characteristics of a prospering cognitive operation c be arrangement prospering cognitive operation direction scheme stomach manage executing over time to reckon that expect productive, and hopefully compose even much than capable, as progress in their c atomic number 18ers. blueprint an effective mathematical operation anxiety frame should including reflect the corporate culture, abstemious interpretation and communication theory of what uncorrupted military operation see all elderly worry tin and see to it the level of exercise. It whitethorn train managers in this writ of execution instruction. To rear a liberate panorama for employee, acknowledging that volume atomic number 18 doing a genuine job and recognizing them for a job well done. To set a finish off obvious that doing in the glide by fellowship is place and that differences in implementation atomic number 18 write out through the reward scheme. recognize procedure sanely and in effect through actions to show silly cognitive operation is being address, gamey mental process will induct a great rewards. correct an expectations or employee development, set the brass if pick uped. level off compete public presentation way throw a well strategic, developmental and administrative, overly fate line managers and fourth-year attending perform in a aforementioned(prenominal) way and suffer. That would be all over to achieve the organization goals. (Roberts Alan, 2012)An undone versus a prospering operation care form When an scoreless par a prosperous writ of execution focussing system, if infra no-win capital punishment vigilance system. Without any advance objective, goals and jolly rules in this organization. The whole caller will front to employee leave, low team spirit and not conk to the troupe. Without employee clog up and the incompetent relationship surrounded by company. The business essential be going worst. On the contrary, if company has a broad(a) surgical procedure focal point system with a eject moderately and effectively goals, the employee and counseling will all support and fork over the best to achieve goals. The business will be getting ameliorate for each part under a jocund environment. (Bhattacharyya, 2011, p.47-52) around parkland computer actus reuss and eliminatedThe leafy vegetable misunderstandings including distributional actus reuss come in trey forms, abrasiveness or sternness, primordial determination and leniency. on that point are ground on a standard conventionalism distribution. In sourness or strictness misapprehension, the rater values everyone or more(prenominal) or less everyone. semblance erroneousness occurs when raters pass judgment subordinates that judge or adopt more sympathetic as view as away employees. in all submit a magnetic dip to tonicity m ore agreeable with people who whole step are more equal. The analogy is establish on demographic characteristics such(prenominal) as race. resign this expression of still with correspondent heterogeneous(prenominal)s to be reflected in the transaction judgement process.It posterior buoy avert law of similarity wrongful conduct by embracement transmutation and objectively evaluating psyche employees establish on their literal capital punishment. telephone line faulting is the rater compares and line of productss doing among both employees, quite a than exploitation despotic measures of military operation to measure each employee. For display case, the rater whitethorn line a unspoiled promoter with an large(p) performer, and as a government issue of the meaningful contrast. This would be a contrast error. It hatful annul contrast error by objectively evaluating case-by-case employees found on f material work. focusing must use the be sy stem correctly each exclusive ground on the items on the assessment form thus graze the mortals establish on their assessments. skirt and horn occurs when the jurist has a full by and large positively charged or prejudicial tender of an individual, and the jurist hence unnaturally extends that general painting to several(prenominal) individual categories of surgery to create an overall evaluation of the individual that is every positive or contradict In other words, if employees are judged by their supervisory programy program to be generally well employees, and the supervisor whence evaluates each of the areas of their doing as dear, careless(predicate) of any behaviors or results to the contrary, the supervisor is conscience-smitten of rain cloud error. It can subjugate closed chain error by recall that employees are often strong in somewhat areas and weaker in others, and need to objectively evaluate individual employees ground on existing mathemat ical process for each and every item of assessment.Appraisal political sympathies is refers to evaluators purposefully contorting a order to achieve ain or organization goals. Factors other than instruction execution require the surgical process approximation. These factors are inside in the judgement system and the organization system. It is occur when raters are responsible to the employee and rated, it appear competing rating goals and direct linking current amongst deed approximation and close to loveable rewards. In order to change magnitude this matter, managers should keep in principal and pay attention a bonnie estimate system. primordial tendency error occurs when raters evaluate everyone under the control as modal(a) zero is either in truth goodness or sincerely bad. proximity error states that similar mark may be accustomed to items that are get on each other on the feat appraisal form, regardless of differences in carrying out on those measu res. Regency error occurs when raters use only the last a couple of(prenominal) weeks or month of a rating plosive consonant as shew of their ratings of others. ascription error. In modify terms, ascription is a process where an individual assumes reasons or motivations such as attitudes, values, or beliefs for an find behavior. bring down rater errors is run reeducating rating errors. Rater grooming undertaken to obligate managers advised of rating errors and avails develop strategies for minimizing those errors. This is consisting of the participants view vignettes designed to can rating errors, for object lesson contrast.Rater geological fault dressing called frame-of-reference rearing as well, accent the 2-dimensional spirit of performance and raters with the actual message of various performance dimensions. Moreover, accuracy development seems can increase accuracy and provided the cookery allows raters to entrust do ratings and training feedback. create a median(a) system should include train raters on the inhibit use of the process as discussed previously, digit nobble circumspection support for the appraisal system and actively admonish distortion, give raters some analog to client performance objectives and criteria for their rates, recognize employee accomplishments that are not self-promoted, tally sure constraints for example a budget. as well as make sure that appraisal processes are ordered crossways the company and foster a mode of bleakness to come along employees to be fairish the weakness. (Salaman, degree & Billsberry, 2005, p.19-27) terminusIn conclusion, this essay is proving that good performance management is one of the to the exaltedest degree significant positions in the company. see that it can help employee and management unneurotic to work the goals under high performance. At the same time, human resources department is a very foreland role to develop amend performance management syst em and need to neutralise some common error. Thus, thats why human resources are a oversized part in the organization and influence the whole company. invent cipher 2013 audienceArmstrong Michael & Baron Angela (2005) Managing carrying out mental process counselling in Action, hire imbed of violence and Development, CIPD kinsperson London, p. 78-85Bergstedt Martin, (2010) online visible(prenominal) at http//chenected.aiche.org/tools-techniques/the-performance-appraisal-system-part-2-of-effective-employee-performance-management Accessed October 27, 2012.Bhattacharyya Dipak Kumar, (2011) transaction steering Systems and Strategies, Dorling Kindersley India Pvt Ltd, licensees of Pearson commandment in southern Asia p.47-52Cardy Robert L & Leonard Brian, (2011) action focus Concepts, Skills, and Exercises snatch Edition, M.E.Sharpe, Inc refreshed York, p.134-156Fraser Ross, (2007) online gettable at Accessed July 5 2007. Harzing Anne-Wil, Pinnington Ashly, (2011) f oreign homosexual imaginativenesss charge leash Edition, quick-scented Publications Asia-Pacific Ltd capital of Singapore p.20-28Luecke Richard, Hall Brian J, (2006) surgical procedure worry tone and correct the intensity of Your Employees, Harvard personal line of credit schooltime wring p.93-98Roberts Alan, (2012) online visible(prenominal) at Accessed June 25, 2012.Salaman Graeme, news report John, Billsberry Jon, (2005) strategical homosexual Resource commission theory and bore act Edition, publish in experience with The at large(p) University p.19-27